requestId:68499ac660a7d2.92742230.
Zhang Hui’s “feudal” concept and political management idea
Author: Fan Lichuan (Hangzhou Teacher Fan University Humanities College)
Source: “History of Chinese Philosophy” 2019 Issue 01
Time: Confucius was in the 2570th year of Jihai July 12th
� On the 12th of the month
Abstract:The Northern Song Dynasty implemented a more serious centralized system of centralized power in politics. It was aggression during the Five Dynasties. By preventing the seizure of the vassal states of the vassal states, it reduced its strength to weaken the realm. As a result, the realm was actually weakened, and the center might not have gained realm. In the solo singing of the scholar-official masters’ reign of the “Three Dynasties”, the feudal ruling system’s conception and its effectiveness occupies an important position. Zhang Xiu inherited He Guang’s idea. His “feudal” thought was the flexible use of Zhang’s real society in the Northern Song Dynasty. In fact, it was a transformation method to incorporate feudalism into county counties. He observed the shortcomings of centralized power politics in management and inadequate management, and tried to effectively expand the political rights of the office to restrain or balance the damage of the strong centralized power to live in the environment, while having certain justice, it also brings more problems.
Keywords: Northern Song Dynasty;Political Power;Zhang Liu;Feudal;
Fund: One of the phased research results of the National Social Science Fund’s serious bidding project “Collection of Classical Classification and Confucianism Research on Song and Ming Dynasty” (13&ZD061);
Tianshui was once In the new era when modern China began, there was a situation of separatist vassals, wars, numerous possibilities, and frequent changes in political power formed after the “Anshi Faction”. The rulers of the early Song Dynasty adopted a political strategy of “high and low control, internal and external coordination”, which concentrated all powers such as financial rights, military power, judicial power at the center, which perfected and strengthened the monarch’s centralization rule. However, when these measures developed the effect of maintaining political order, they also brought unavoidable shortcomings. Although it has played a positive role in eliminating social turmoil and stabilizing national affairs, it has also increasingly shown the dissonance between the political structure of centralized power and social development. Since the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, 彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩�
1. The recognition of the ills and servants of the Northern Song Dynasty on the structural ills of the central political power
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the focus on political system was on maintaining the power of the central royal power and evacuating the residence. sameIn previous specialized dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty implemented a more serious centralized specialized system of political integration, and the power of the authorities included all military, financial and personnel rights. Since Taizu, the elite troops from all over the country have gathered the strength of the central government, and the center has controlled the arrangement of national financial resources. The situation of no war and no money has made the center relatively smaller and smaller, and its position has become increasingly lighter. It is extremely obscuring to the extreme of the development of the underground, and also obscuring the stability and development of society. From the perspective of military power, Sima Guang said: “After Taizu was the king of Korea (Zhaopu), he sent envoys to talk and choose elite troops. Anyone with his talented and capable craftsmen will collect the forbidden troops and gathered them to prepare for the longevity. He was generous to his ranks and kept his own training and training, and they all ranked as one hundred. Everyone in the town knew that the elite military power was not the enemy of the Beijing teacher, so no one dared to have a distraught heart 彩神 is the one who can strengthen the weak branches. It is the reason for the future. “[1] This method has effectively maintained the unity and peace of the country and achieved remarkable results. However, under the traditional political structure, it is obviously very difficult to master the balance between “degree” and the degree. As the owner and master of the highest authority in the country, it is not difficult for the emperor to move the ultimate goal of handling affairs in order to ensure his position. Wen Tianxiang once pointed out sadly: “The five seasons of the Song Dynasty were in trouble, and the vassal states were reduced and counties were built. Although it was enough to destroy the disadvantages of the great power, the country also reduced the weaknesses. Therefore, when the enemy arrived at a state and broke into a state, it was destroyed by a county and broke into a county. It was so regretful.” [2] During the reign of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jingxi Road was scattered and the county was destroyed. “The king of Huainan sect defeated Gao’s post, and the county chief Chao Zhong asked the county to have no military funds, so he opened the door to reward him. Fu Zheng Gong (Fu Bi) was angry and wanted to extort the guards, saying, “I have a letter of thousands of miles, but I cannot refuse to pay, but I will send him back.” Fan Wenzheng (Fan Zhongyan) argued with him and said, “The prefectures and counties have no military funds, so how can I defend them? Now the guards can change their powers, and it is also possible to make the whole city’s spirit; can they be considered a crime?” [3] Facing sudden incidents such as the rebellion, the place was weakened and the defense skills needed were lost. Su Zhui was the governor of Xuzhou and found that “the state is more than 70 miles northeast of the state, which is the Liguo Supervisor. Since ancient times, it has been a troop official and a gathering of merchants. He is rich and prosperous. All thirty-six smelting houses are masters, avoiding huge rocks and being often robbed by smelting.”[4] As the chief executive of the office, he was moved: “The army is weak and weak, and there are colleagues who are involved in the fight. I think about it at night and feel cold. Baoqing.comThe story of more than ten people died, and they entered the market in vain. The guards all abandoned and walked away. “(“Su Zhuo’s Collection of Essays” Volume 26 “The Book of Emperors of Xuzhou”, page 759) The prefectures and counties are empty and cannot form a useful guarantee for invaders. The Song Dynasty was in conflict between the Five Dynasties. By preventing the seizure of the vassal states of the vassal states, it was effective in reducing the weakness of the land. As a result, the land was actually weakened, and the center might not be able to gain real solidity.
The Song Dynasty imperial court trials kept evacuating the lower onesPower. In order to avoid the proprietorship of prefectures and counties, the Song Dynasty established the “Tongju” position in each prefecture, and the number was “Supervised County”. “All states have set up a magistrate, neither a deputy or a deputy official, so they often fight with the chief officials and often say, “I am in charge of the prefecture, and the court will send me to you.” The chief officials must be in charge of the matter.” [5] The prefectural government agency must cooperate with the chief judge. The prefectures must pass the official letter to the prefectures and county officials. Only by passing the letter to the general judges and the office of the general judges can we submit it. For any matter in the state, the judge can report it directly. The excessive power of the ruling system has hindered the normal development of the administrative duties of the office and controlled the initiative and flexibility that the political institutions in the office should have. The King of the Ming and Qing Dynasties gave a negative comment on the establishment of the Tongzong: “Song appointed Tongzong in Zhuzhou, and the power of the town of Zhuzhou. Those who were the ministers who came out to govern the county were not Yi Lao, but were the left lord. The rich Jiangnan was no one; the Ba and Shu were no one; the simple ones were no one; the simple ones were no one; the Huai and Xu were no ones. “Yeah, I see you again.” The captain and long-term pens were built with the whole country, and the tycoons built palaces to discuss the way, and the second was pavilion to mobilize the pavilions, and the lower part was full of money to sacrificially. The emperor calmed down and said, “Even though he was not filial, he would not be able to rush his arms and would like to interfere with my magical artifact.” ’Isn’t it difficult to ask the Yuan Dynasty to use his mediocre and cowardly talent to the Zong Society and to avoid the common people of Jiang and Huai from Zuo?”[6] There we